Let the Games Begin

Outline the main geographical processes relevant to Coastal Management.

The main geographical processes relevant to coastal management are:

Abrasion is the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport by wind, glacier, waves, gravity, running water or erosion. Hydraulic action is a form of erosion caused by the force of moving water currents rushing into a crack in the rock face. The water compresses the air in the crack, pushing it right to the back. As the wave retreats, the highly pressurized air is suddenly released with explosive force, capable of chipping away the rock face over a period of time.Corrosion Is the result of wears acid wear on the rock from the sea constantly hitting the cliff face. Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, or drainage. Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments; erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby.

Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement?
TEAMS of US and Australian officials are finalising a series of agreements, to be signed at this month's AUSMIN summit, that will give US forces greater access to Australian military bases.
Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory.


What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet?
the name of the sumit is the AUSMIN summit.


Which country is the US specifically reacting to?
The country that US is specifically reacting to is the increase in miltary power from CHINA.


What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?
They will result in a significant escalation of military co-operation, including more visits by US ships, aircraft and troops, and their forces exercising here regularly.

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit?
Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.

What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context?
this would mean that Australia would always be protected from any threat in the pacific because the US will always be close to help protect the Australian borders.

Go Back to Where You Came From Reflection

 What is your initial reaction to the show?
My initial rection to 'go back to where you came from' was that it was a bunch of 'bogan' Australian's wanting to be on TV. However after watching the first episode, i found myself thoroughly enjoying it. Over the episode it showed how our stereotypes of people are not always true, and that we often misjudge and had a prejudice view towards refugee and don't actually know what they have been through. This show illustrated to us what the refugee journey was like.


What percentage of immigrants are refugees?
The percentage immigrants that are refugees is 1.5%.


Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? 
This is that case because many people have such a big opinion on 'boat people' therefore it 'fills' the media and makes it sound like such a big deal when really its not.


Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees?
Australia ranks 18th.


To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? 
Well because we are so lucky to live like we do, i believe that we can help people who are less fortunate than we are. 


How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens?
They have the same amount of support as Australian's do.


How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention?
11


Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia?
As there is a large amount of refugees Malaysia, this means that the refugees in Malaysia are not protected therefore don't like being in Malaysia.

Trade

1. What is the goal of this ASEAN meeting?

To improve and harmonize trade and investment polices as the blox pursues an intergrated regional economy by 201

2. What is ERIA? What do they intend to do?

ERIA (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia) are intended to keep tack of this area.

3. What is AEC? What do they intend to do?

AEC (ASEAN Economic Community) are intended to help countries identify commitments that will deliver the best results toward integration.

4. What are the three key areas of focus?

The three key areas are trade, transport, services and investment facilitation

5. How often does this group plan to meet?

Once a year 

6. What do they intend to keep in their "knowledge bank"?

possible tools members can use to pursue effective reforms and also a data bank of all regulatory reforms ASEAN members have made.

7.Who was the chairman of the meeting? What is his title? What is the population and GDP of his country? How does it compare to Australia?

Chairmen: Dato Lim Jock Ho, is the permanent secretary of Brunei Ministry of Foreign Affairs 

GDP - $49711 (Brunei) GDP - $36642 (Australia) 

Population - Around 400 000 (Brunei) Population - Around 22 000 000 (Australia) 

8. What do you think that economic integration means? 

Economic integration refers to trade unification between different states by the partial or full abolishing of customs tariffs on trade taking place within the borders of each state

9. Do you think that this is good or bad for Australia?

No I do not think that economic integration is a good this for Australia. 

Military - US/Australia Alliance

1. Stephen Smith is the defence minister of the Australian Government.


2. The Brookings institution  is a non for profit public policy organisation based in Washington DC, America were Mr Smith also gave his speech. The Brookings Institution It works on three key policy's: 

• Strengthen American democracy;
• Foster the economic and social welfare, security and opportunity of all Americans and
• Secure a more open, safe, prosperous and cooperative international system

3. The Australia/US alliance is very important to Australia's Strategic and Security arrangements. Australia's national interest for the US to be active and engaged in the Asia-Pacific, as the region became the world's centre of gravity and as economic, political, military and strategic influence shifted. - Mr Smith

4. This alliance is important as because Australia is so far away from everything else as it is situated in the middle of the Pacific Ocean if was to become in trouble war related they would be in alot of trouble without the help of another big nation such as the US so therefore this alliance is very important to Australia.

5. Australia have made several contributions to this alliance in the last 50 years. They have been to many wars that the US has been involved in such as the war in Iraq, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Pakistan and many other others. Australia have also assisted in systems related to intelligence collection, ballistic-missile early warning, submarine communications, and satellite-based communications.

6. This minister said that '9000 Australian companies did business in the US. They pay an average wage of $US70,000 ($63,490) per employee per annum and include your largest shopping-centre owner and two of your largest 20 banks' 

7. The minister added this to prove the point that Australia do not just use the US for security they do business with them as a nation and to illustrate that Australia adds value to the US in this area.

8. China is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region

9. Australia is trying to create a better relationship with China through dialogue and practical activities.

10. Yes I do think that this relation is important to Australia as that China is quickly becoming a strong nation and if Australia can build a good relationship with China that this will only benefit Australia in the future. 

Immigration

1. An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee.

2. Asylum seekers leave their county to come to Australia too seek a  better life, as in their country there is most likely a war, famine, disease, or lack of food.

3. Asylum seekers are given asylum if they can prove or have been proven 'safe' citizens not having any criminal records in their previous country and if they are going to be sent home to face death, then they are more likely to be given asylum. 

4. Most asylum seekers come from countries that are in a war or unstable country, mainly from middle east, and Indonesia. 

VIDEO QUESTIONS 

1. Australia have agree to send 800 asylum seekers to Indonesia in exchange for 4000 genuine refugees from Malaysia. 

2. They are given a UN card which allows them to work and not be detained from the Malaysia  government and put into a detention centre. 

3. Malaysia normally detain and cane illegal refugees. 

4. Yes, children are being sent as part of the 400 asylum seekers from Australia. 

5. the 500+ asylum seekers that have arrived in Australia since the 7th of may will have to be processed through the Australia government as this wasn't part of the deal with the Malaysia. 

6. Refugee advocates are worried that their safe cards will not hold through in Malaysia and that they don't believe that they will be safe there. 

7. The goal of this swap program is to slow down asylum seekers coming to Australia. 

8. No I don't believe that this will work as Malaysian's are unlikely to follow through with this deal and the asylum seekers will end up being treated like other illegal immigrants in Malaysia.    

Australia may be nuclear target: Kevin Rudd

1. Kevin Rudd is currently the Foreign Minister in the Australian government. Also known as Minister of Foreign Affairs. A foreign affairs minister is a minister in the cabinet of the government. He helps the government make the foreign policies of a country. It is often a senior position reporting directly to the prime minister or president. 

2. Kevin Rudd's is that he thinks that North Korea's nuclear weapons and programs are a direct threat to Australia.

3. Mr Rudd was at the ASEAN Regional Forum. 


4. North Korea fired a missile at a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border  and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program. Kevin Rudd believes that this means that they are lacking stability. 


5. Kevin Rudd said that 'North Korea’s uranium weaponisation program had the objective of putting nuclear warheads on long-range missiles was a direct threat to Australia.'  


6. By calling out North Korean counterpart publicly Mr Rudd is trying to make aware that North Korea is an unstable country at the moment and Australia needs to be aware of them more because they are in the same rejoin as them and something needs to be done. It also makes known to the public that North Korea is a Nuclear threat.


7. Australia's major allies such as the American's are not very friendly with North Korean's as America is a Nuclear power in the world, and because North Korea have hold of Nuclear weapons it makes North Korea a threat to the American's. 

Australia Aid

1. Done 

2.

• Economic growth, not foreign aid, is overcoming long-term poverty in the world.
  

• The amount in which Australia spends on overseas has doubled over the last two years and it predicted to double again. By 2015 Australia will be spending over $8billion a year helping people overseas.

• So it seemed like a good idea when Kevin Rudd announced a review of Australia's overseas aid program the report is about how to allocate and administer all the extra money. But neither the panel or the government could answer the main question asked about our aid program and the reason it's growing so fast.
  
• Spending money in ways that make difference doesn't help anyone. 

• Of course some aid really does help. Most obviously, emergency relief after disasters such as Indonesia's tsunami can save thousands. But this accounts for only 7 per cent of today's program.

•  The majority of our aid is supposed to help overcome long-term poverty.

• A billion people still live on less than $1.25 a day. 

• Poverty is being overcome. In 1981, 54 per cent of the world's people lived in extreme poverty. 2005 this had fallen to 25 per cent. In 2015 it will be less than 15 per cent.

• Any act of charity is, among other things, an assertion of power. Perhaps as power slips away, we feel more need to assert it.
  

The Author of this article has put forward some interesting points and statistics, and the overall feeling of this article is that Australia's aid program is kinda pointless as the countries that Australia are helping do not  necessarily need it, and can look after ourselves.   

3.

I think that Australia is giving more aid each year as the government believes they are in a better economic state than other countries, or to prove the Australia is becoming a powerful country. This allows Australia to build good relations with other countries. But with the good there is the bad as this now means that there is money not going into the Australian society, that they could spend on other things in Australia to make it a better place.

Mapping

1. What is it about the pressure system stalled over Australia that relates to the weather over the next 4 days?

The pressure system over Australia is High in the next 4 days there for being the weather is likely to be cold. 

2. What is the air pressure in each of the next 4 days for each of the capital cities? How does this correspond with the predicted weather for these cities?

City	Thursday	Friday	Saturday	Sunday
Sydney	1016 Mostly Sunny	1020 Sunny	1020 Sunny	1017 Mostly Sunny
Melbourne	1024 Mostly Sunny	1026 Sunny	1025 Sunny	1017 Mostly Sunny
Adelaide	1030 Sunny	1030 Sunny	1025 Sunny	1024 Sunny
Darwin	1012 Cloudy	1017 Partly Cloudy	1008 Sunny	1008 Sunny
Perth	1024 Sunny	1024 Sunny	1024 Sunny	1016 Partly Cloudy
Brisbane	1016 Partly Cloudy	1016 Partly Cloudy	1020 Sunny	1017 Raining

1. The contour interval is the difference in altitude represented by the space between two   contour lines on a map. Contour interval = 20f which converts to 6.096 metres

     2. The scale of the map is 1.6km to every cm 
    3. The gradient of the map is 0.01125m

9.2 Questions

1. The development of the railway system in Sydney and and also the building of the Sydney harbour bridge enabled the city to expand to centres into the west like Liverpool and Parramatta

2. Many of the manufacturing and industrial activities are being replaced by new technology and information-based industries. This is affecting the employment structure of Sydney

3. A world city is a city that has been deemed to be an important node (or swelling) point in the global economic system. This is being proved by Sydney quickly becoming invaded by new technology and information-based industries

4. New land releases in the north-west and south-west are required. These are called Greenfield locations. These sites will accommodate 30% of future growth. Many sites inside the city have also been targeted for urban renewal and urban redevelopment through urban consolidation.

5. A Metropolitan Strategy names "City of Cities. A Plan for Sydney's Future"

6. The state government of NSW was responsible for this plan

7.

-ensuring economic, social and environmental sustainability

-manage issues surrounding urban growth

- manage issues concerning decline

8. A Greenfield site is a term used to describe undeveloped land in a city or rural area either used for agriculture, landscape design, or left to naturally evolve. This is different because completely new infrastructure must be built, whereas urban consolidation is using existing infrastructure.

9. 70% of the future population growth in Sydney will be absorbed into the existing developed areas of Sydney, whereas 30% will be moved into the Greenfield sites

10. Many council and community groups were consulted in the development in this strategy. This was important as it was necessary to know what the views of the general population were.

11.

Refer to 9.8:

a.       1994-1995

b.      1989-1990

c.       Urban growth started to declined slowly

d.      The trend for urban development is expected to reverse, and start to rise.

12.

Refer to 9.10:

a.       The population density of North Sydney and Sydney is a lot higher than that of Liverpool and Penrith. This would be because Liverpool and Penrith are further away from the city and the coast line.

b.      The Ocean

c.       Urban housing would heighten the population density while residential housing would lessen the population density

13. 

Greenfield site:

Location: North-West growth centre

Main aspects : happening in the local government areas of Baulkham hills, Blacktown, The Blue Mountains, Hawkesbury and Penrith, 60 000 new homes will be developed. Strong community focus planned for this area.

Sydney Site:

Location: East Darling Harbour

Main aspects: it is the last remaining port at Darling Harbour is to be developed following a government decision to move the shipping to other port areas. The renewal of the site will feature an 11-hectare waterfront park.

Jordan Springs

1.  Is this an example of urban consolidation or urban sprawl? Why?
It is an example of urban sprawl, as it is a new development not extending an existing infrastructure. It is made 7km out of Penrith so its out of the way and made on a mass land. It holds 2500 homes. 


2. Do you think that this development is positive or negative for the surrounding community? For Sydney? For Australia? 
I believe it can be positive as it creates job opportunities for trade workers, however it also pull people out of the surrounding suburbs, therefore could also have a negative impact. 

9.1 Questions 1 - 12

Questions 1 - 12 


Q1. Urban Sprawl - a characteristic of Australian cities where population growth has caused expansion outwards in size with the creation of new low-density suburbs

Q2. Urban Consolidation - the redevelopment of parts of a city to achieve a higher population density, characterised by high-rise apartment complexes and villa developments

Q3. A highly urbanised county is one that has a highly populated areas

Q4.

Sydney:
Population - 3 502 000

Melbourne:
Population - 3 162 000

Brisbane:
Population - 1 508 000

Q5. A factor that influences our capital cities is that they are all near the sea so this allows for easy transport.

Q6.
Population Density - The number of people per square kilometre
Urban Sprawl -  A characteristic of Australian cities where population growth has caused expansion outwards in size with the creation of new low-density suburbs

Q7. Australian cities have a low population density in comparison to other countries, however our population is still rising so this is due to change in the coming years.

Q8. Major infrastructure are already in use but with urban sprawl they will be used more than ever before.

Q9. Urban planers are making original designs now to assist with problem of urban sprawl. 


Q10. 
a. Melbourne 
b. Its is calculated by dividing the population of the country to the square density
c. High
d. 3 out of 10 


Q11. The noise the construction will make, however does bring money into community 


Q12. More freedom, more room to live.

Urban Renew and Decay

• 
• Aesthetics
• Definition -  the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste, "is it aesthetically pleasing" how something looks.

This image is Aesthetically pleasing, as it is a building that looks good.

Safety

Definition - the state of being certain that adverse effects will not be caused by some agent under defined conditions 

This image shows safety, as the high walls around this town give it a sense of safety to the people in the town.









Slums

Definition - a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and squalor and lacking in tenure security. 
This image shows the state of what some slums are like and how run down the areas are.

Urban Decay
Urban Decay
Definition - Urban decay is a process by which a city, or a part of a city, falls into a state of disrepair and neglect. 
This image is an example of urban decay, it shows and building that is basically falling apart and has been neglected.







Reconstruction and renewal 
Definition - Areas devastated by war or invasion challenge urban planners. Resources are scarce. The existing population has needs. 
This image shows a new building plan or a reconstructed city.

Transport 
Definition - Transport within urbanized areas presents unique problems. The density of an urban environment increases traffic, which can harm businesses and increase pollution unless properly managed. 
This image shows the a station, this is an option of transport over cars.







Suburbanization 
Definition - In some countries, declining satisfaction with the urban environment is held to blame for continuing migration to smaller towns and rural areas.
This image shows that although an important factor, there is a complex relationship between urban densities and 
car use





Environmental Factors 
Definition - Environmental protection and conservation are of utmost importance to many planning systems across the world.
This image shows a tightly compacted suburb with little to no trees. 











Light and Sound 
Definition - The urban canyon effect is a colloquial, non-scientific term referring to street space bordered by very high buildings. 
This image shows the effect of light.